VTI vs VOO: Comparing Vanguard’s Two Largest ETFs

This article compares VTI vs VOO — Vanguard’s Total Stock Market ETF and Vanguard’s S&P 500 ETF. 

These are Vanguard’s two largest ETFs.

Both are passively managed index ETFs popular with passive investors looking for near-market returns instead of risk-free high yield savings.

Index ETFs track market indexes, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average or the Russell 2000. 

VTI is a wider-scoped ETF that tracks the total U.S. stock market as indexed by the CRSP US Total Market Index. It includes small-cap, mid-cap, and large-cap stocks.

VOO tracks the most widely-watched U.S. stock market index: Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500). The S&P 500 contains just over 500 stocks, holding mostly large-caps. 

Both funds are market-cap-weighted, meaning the percentage of each holding aligns with the relative size of the companies in the indexes. The largest companies comprise the largest percentage of the funds, and the smallest comprise the smallest.

Passive index ETF managers do not pick stocks. They allocate funds to all stocks in the benchmark to track index performance. Managers receive a small fee to achieve this outcome.

Since most actively managed mutual funds do not beat their target benchmarks, many fiduciary financial planners recommend index funds and ETFs instead of actively managed funds or individual stocks.

Bottom Line Upfront (BLUF)

Before I get into the details of VTI vs VOO, it’s essential to keep the following in mind:

• Both ETFs are excellent, low-fee options for your portfolio. They are Vanguard’s largest ETFs by net assets. 
• VTI is a total U.S. market fund and holds more than 3,500 stocks. VTI is better diversified and benefits from small and mid-cap stocks that grow into large caps. 
• VOO is less diversified, tracking the performance of the S&P 500 Index. VOO excludes small and mid-cap stocks.
• Being market-cap-weighted ETFs makes these funds quite similar, as the top 500 stocks in VTI make up a high percentage of the fund (see overlap).  
• VOO maintains a slight 10-year performance edge as of early 2024 (see performance), but returns are similar due to the market-cap weighting. 
• Both ETFs are available to purchase from any online broker. I recommend M1 Finance, which is best for dividend investing and dividend reinvestment. 
• If you have an account with Vanguard or Fidelity, you can own similar mutual funds (see mutual funds).

Please note that both ETFs update their prospectuses regularly. The information referenced in this article will change over time.

The best resource for both funds is the respective company’s websites.

Here are links to the most updated resources at Vanguard. Consider the information in the following links to be the authoritative data source.

• Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI)
• Vanguard’s S&P 500 Index ETF (VOO)

VTI vs VOO — Side-by-Side Comparison

Here’s a side-by-side comparison of both ETFs. Scroll right on mobile.

A few noticeable differences comparing VTI vs VOO:

• VTI is more diversified with 7X the number of holdings as VOO, but those additional holdings have a low weighting. 
• The top ten stocks make up a higher percentage of the fund for VOO. VTI is close.
• The VTI and VOO dividend yields are similar. 
• The expense ratios are identical. 
• VTI is older, but VOO is a larger ETF. 
• VOO’s performance edges VTI’s over a 10-year investment horizon. Past performance is not indicative of future results. 

VTI vs VOO Overlap

As market-cap-weighted ETFs, the top 500 stocks in VTI make up a high percentage of the fund. VOO is also market-cap-weighted but only has 500 stocks. 

Therefore, there is a significant overlap between the funds.

The top 500 stocks in VTI make up approximately 87% of the ETF’s weighted holdings. The balance of stocks, about 3,300 small and mid-cap stocks, make up the remaining 13% of the ETF’s weighted holdings. 

VTI vs VOO — Benchmark Indexes

VTI tracks the CRSP US Total Market Index. 

CRSP stands for Center for Research in Securities Prices, an affiliate of the University of Chicago. 

Visit this page for the latest information about the index.

The index is comprised of more than 3,800 constituents across “mega, mid, small, and micro capitalizations”. 
The index represents 100% of the U.S. investable equity market.

VOO tracks the S&P 500 Index, one of the most widely-watched stock indexes worldwide.

Visit this page for the latest information about the index.

The S&P 500 Index is a float-adjusted market cap-weighted index, meaning the largest stocks make up a proportionately high percentage of the index. Lower market cap stocks make up a proportionately lower percentage of the index. 

A selection committee of financial market professionals chooses which stocks go into the index. The focus is primarily on large-cap stocks that are representative of the U.S. economy. 

The committee does not try to “pick stocks” for market outperformance. Instead, they look at company size, stock liquidity, share float, and profitability, and it fits the index’s goal to reflect the broad, large-cap marketplace accurately.

VTI vs VOO Chart — Performance

Here is a daily updated chart of a $10,000 investment performance in both VTI vs VOO over ten years. Scroll right on mobile.

This chart shows each stock’s net asset value (NAV) price performance. It does not include dividends, which are subtracted from the NAV when a dividend is paid. 

Past performance is not indicative of future results. 

Though VOO has outperformed VTI over the past ten years, the difference is not significant enough to influence a portfolio. Either fund is a suitable income-producing asset in your portfolio.

See the table above for up-to-date three-, five-, and ten-year average annual performance records.

VTI vs VOO — Dividend Payout Schedules

Both VTI and VOO pay quarterly dividends. 

Investors receive quarterly dividend payments in March, June, September, and December.

More resources:

• VOO Dividend History
• VTI Dividend History

VTI vs VOO — Top Ten Holdings

Here are the top ten holdings for each index fund. Visit the links at the beginning of the article for the most updated lists (refresh your browser if the tables don’t load the first time). 

 

Learn more:

• VOO’s Top 50 Holdings
• VTI’s Top 50 Holdings

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Mutual Fund Equivalents

Here are the closest mutual fund equivalents for both ETFs.

• VTI = VTSAX (identical)
• VOO = VFIAX (identical)

The VTI mutual fund equivalent is VTSAX, the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Admiral Shares. Investors with an account at Vanguard who prefer mutual funds can consider VTSAX as a VTI alternative.

The VTI Fidelity equivalent is FSKAX, Fidelity Total Market Index Fund. Fidelity does not have an ETF equivalent. Only buy Fidelity mutual funds through a Fidelity account to avoid unnecessary fees. 

The VOO mutual fund equivalent is Vanguard’s S&P 500 Index Fund Admiral Shares (VFIAX). 

The VOO Fidelity equivalent is FXAIX, the Fidelity ® 500 Index Fund. Fidelity does not have an ETF equivalent. 

The State Street SPDR VOO equivalent is the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY).

Customers of online brokers that charge fees for mutual funds should use the VTI or VOO ETFs.

Mutual funds trade differently than ETFs, which trade like stocks. 

ETFs are easier to own, and the price changes throughout the day. Mutual funds only trade at the market close. 

Active investors typically use ETFs for trading purposes or to buy and hold indexes when they can’t access index mutual funds.

For example, if you have an investing account with M1 Finance, you’d invest via ETFs instead of mutual funds.

If your account is with Vanguard, you may prefer to use the index funds VTSAX or VFIAX because it’s slightly easier to reinvest capital gains and dividends. 

• Learn more about VTSAX here
• Learn more about VFIAX here 

Use the above resources to find the most up-to-date information regarding VTSAX and VFIAX.

What is the Best Broker to Buy VTI or VOO?

Here are my favorite online brokers for investing in ETFs and automatically reinvesting dividends. 

Vanguard and Fidelity are excellent choices for long-term retirement investors. You’re in good hands if your IRA or employer-sponsored plan is with either broker.

I recommend another broker for a more modern user experience that can also serve your banking, borrowing, and spending needs. 

Long-term investors may prefer an online broker better for dollar cost averaging and dividend reinvestment. 

I’m a big fan of the online brokerage M1 Finance. M1 Finance is a reliable, robust, no-fee online broker for beginner and intermediate investors. It’s easy to get started.

As your investing skills and portfolio mature, M1 is one of the best platforms to scale.

They also offer an integrated checking account and low borrowing rates. Read my complete M1 Finance review here. 

M1 Finance does not offer mutual funds. However, ETFs are plentiful. It’s my favorite online broker for everyday investing. 

The platform is more intuitive than old-school brokers because it’s built on a modern technology platform.

You create portfolio “pies” that contain all the stocks and ETFs you want to own and in what percentages. Simply add an ETF to a pie and add funds to your account. 

Learn More about M1 Finance

Conclusion

Deciding between VTI vs VOO comes down to exposure to all U.S. stocks vs the 500 largest. 

The VTI ETF includes all U.S. large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap stocks (about 3,800 stocks in total)

The VOO ETF includes only U.S. large-cap stocks (about 504 stocks in total). 

VTI holds all the stocks that VOO has, but VOO does not hold all the stocks VTI has. 

VTI vs VOO overlap is significant — 87% as of this article. That means the funds are about 87% identical. The other 13% in VTI is allocated toward small and mid-cap stocks VOO doesn’t hold.

VOO has outperformed VTI over the past 10 years, but only slightly as of writing. However, VOO has a greater concentration of risk exposure in the top 10 holdings and funds altogether. But the risk is minimal since the S&P 500 is a broad index already. 

If the stock market declines significantly, both ETFs will decline in tandem. The divergence between large-cap and small-cap returns is the main scenario that would cause dissimilar returns. 

VTI has nearly seven times as many holdings as VTI. However, because it is a market cap-weighted fund, a large portion is allocated to giant tech companies such as Apple and Microsoft. 

Investors who want to own the entire U.S. stock market with one fund should choose VTI. 

Investors who want to track only the largest U.S. stocks in the S&P 500 should choose VOO. VOO investors can also supplement their portfolio with small and mid-cap ETFs

Own VTI or VOO in retirement accounts to save on dividend taxation. 

Purchase either ETF at any commission-free online broker. 

Please reply with your questions regarding VTI vs VOO in the comments section below. Include any requests you have about adding more detail to this article. 

Additional Resources

• VTI vs VTSAX
• SCHD vs VOO
• VOO vs FXAIX
• IVV vs VOO
• VTI vs VT
• VTSAX vs VOO

Disclosure: The author is long VTI and multiple stocks in the top 10 holdings of each fund. I’ve chosen the VTI ETF for myself for broad exposure through one fund, but please evaluate both funds in the context of your personal investment objectives before choosing which is right for you. The opinions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not reflect the views of M1. They are for informational purposes only and are not a recommendation of an investment strategy or to buy or sell any security in any account. They are also not research reports and are not intended to serve as the basis for any investment decision. Prior to making any investment decision, you are encouraged to consult your personal investment, legal, and tax advisors.